The Fathers and Doctors of the Church Rejected Evolution

Adam and Eve began to experience the
effects of sin from the moment they
disobeyed God and were expelled from
the Garden of Eden: disease and death!

They taught that creation was the work of God alone, that the "works of nature" (according to St. Thomas Aquinas) presuppose creation. You can't extrapolate from the natural order back to the beginning of things.

Harmful mutations, disease, etc. are all due to sin. The "bondage of decay" is due to original sin. As soon as Adam and Eve were driven from the garden, they began to suffer the consequences of sin: degeneration and ultimately death. Of course they were so physically perfect it must have taken hundreds of years for their bodies to deteriorate to the point of death.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church says nothing about evolution per se, but it says plenty about creation that points away from evolution:

We believe that God needs no pre-existent thing or any help in order to create,nor is creation any sort of necessary emanation from the divine substance. God creates freely "out of nothing." (CCC 296)

 Just like Genesis says!